andi
In theory, yes. I practice it's complicated.
Your cache dir may contain the instruction cache files (*.i) for your pages. Those could be fed to a reverse renderer (a renderer plugin that renders to wiki text). The edittable plugin contains such a renderer.
However the instruction caches files do not contain info about the original file names. However that info might be in the appropriate *.meta files (if you still have the meta directory).
So yes it might be possible if you have skilled programmer at hand or are willing to hire one.